Britain says every
state should join the ICC
apart from
It is British policy to extend the jurisdiction
of the International Criminal Court (ICC) to every corner of the earth, except
the Palestinian territories occupied by
And it is not as if the Occupying Power isn’t
committing acts that Britain regards as illegal in these territories, in
particular, settlement building. British
policy on this issue as stated on the FCO website is as follows:
“Our position on Israeli
settlements in the
Settlement building is a
war crime
Though the British Government never says so
explicitly, settlement building is a war crime under the Rome Statute which
defines the offences that can be prosecuted by the ICC. It is a war crime because it involves the
Occupying Power transferring some of its own civilian population to the territory
it occupies. And under Article
8.2(b)(viii) of the Rome Statute
“the transfer, directly or indirectly, by the
Occupying Power of parts of its own civilian population into the territory it
occupies” [2]
is a war
crime.
Since there is no doubt that Israel has transferred
well over 500,000 Israeli civilians into territory it occupies, and that the
process is still going on, there is a prima facie case that Israelis
responsible for the settlement building programme, including the present Prime Minister Benyamin Netanyahu, are guilty
of war crimes. It may be that Americans
and others who fund settlement building are guilty of aiding and abetting war
crimes.
Yet the British Government is opposed to
Challenging impunity around the world
In July last year, the British Foreign Office launched an ICC strategy paper [3],
which expressed Britain’s enthusiastic support for international systems of
justice in general and the ICC in particular.
A key element of British policy
set out in the paper is the extension of the jurisdiction of the ICC by
encouraging states that are not party to the Rome Statute of the ICC to join,
with the objective of the ICC eventually acquiring universal jurisdiction. The
paper explains that the British Government intends to:
“Work with other States Parties to
encourage more states to ratify and accede to the Rome Statute and to fully
implement its provisions in domestic law. …
“Urge States not party to the Rome
Statute to consider ratifying or acceding to the Treaty …”
The paper explains:
“Widening the reach of the Court
beyond the current 122 States Parties will increase accountability and help
challenge impunity.”
Inappropriate to challenge
Israeli impunity
This enthusiasm for extending ICC jurisdiction was sadly missing
when Foreign Minister William Hague spoke in the House of Commons a few months
later on 28 November 2012. Then, he
offered
Here’s what he told the House of Commons:
“Our country is a strong
supporter, across all parties, of international justice and the International
Criminal Court. We would ultimately like to see a Palestinian state represented
throughout all the organs of the United Nations. However, we judge that if the
Palestinians were to build on this resolution by pursuing ICC jurisdiction over
the occupied territories at this stage, it could make a return to negotiations
impossible.” [4]
Yes, believe it or
believe it not, it is British policy to extend the jurisdiction of the ICC to
every corner of the earth, except the Palestinian territories occupied by
Two days later, when in
retaliation for the UN granting statehood to
“I am
extremely concerned by reports that the Israeli Cabinet plans to approve the
building of 3000 new housing units in illegal settlements in the West Bank and
Dare
I suggest that, if settlements are illegal under international law, then, if at
all possible, those responsible should be tried in an international court and,
if found guilty, punished appropriately?
Dare I suggest that, to this end,
Palestinian
Authority tried to grant the ICC jurisdiction
In January 2009, the
Palestinian Authority tried to grant the ICC jurisdiction over the occupied
territories so that it would be
possible for Israelis to be prosecuted by it for actions against
The ICC can prosecute
individuals for genocide, war crimes
or crimes against humanity, as defined in the Rome Statute of the Court [2]. It acquires jurisdiction in respect of these
crimes by states granting it jurisdiction under Article 12 of the Statute. A state can grant jurisdiction to the Court
(a) by becoming a Party to the Statute (Article
12(1)) or
(b) by making an ad hoc declaration accepting the
Court’s jurisdiction (Article 12(3)).
The
ICC can try individuals for genocide, war crimes or crimes against humanity,
committed in the territories of states (or by its nationals anywhere) that have
granted the Court jurisdiction.
On
21 January 2009, the Palestinian Authority made an ad hoc declaration to
the Court under Article 12(3) in the following terms:
“In
conformity with Article 12, paragraph 3 of the Statute of the International
Criminal Court, the Government of Palestine hereby recognizes the jurisdiction
of the Court for the purposes of identifying, prosecuting and judging the
authors and accomplices of acts committed in the territory of Palestine since 1
July 2002” [6].
It took
the ICC Prosecutor over three years (until April 2012) to decide that the Court
couldn’t accept the jurisdiction offered.
This decision hung on whether or not Palestine was a “state” within the
meaning of Article 12(3), which says that a “State may, by declaration lodged with the Registrar,
accept the exercise of jurisdiction by the Court with respect to the crime in question”.
Strangely,
the Prosecutor concluded that it wasn’t up to him to decide whether or not
Palestine was a “state”, within the meaning of Article 12(3), saying that
“competence for determining the term “state” within the meaning of article 12
rests, in the first instance, with the United Nations Secretary General who, in
case of doubt, will defer to the guidance of General Assembly” [7].
However,
now that the UN General Assembly passed resolution A/RES/67/19 [8]
accepting
During a
public discussion held at the Academie Diplomatique Internationale in
Whitbeck also reported Fatou
Bensouda’s view on the issue of retroactivity, that is, whether individuals
could be prosecuted for past crimes committed before
A year has passed since
There is little doubt that, had it
done so, it would have been admitted to all of them. Remember that in October
2011, a year before it achieved statehood and in the teeth of fierce opposition
from the
But, it hasn’t done so, because there has been fierce pressure on it not to do so,
especially from the
It is absolutely outrageous that the
Comoros asks ICC to prosecute Israelis
re Mavi Marmara
On a brighter note, there is a possibility that Israelis may
be arraigned before the ICC for the Israeli military assault on the Mavi Marmara on 31 May 2010. This took place in international waters, when
it was part of a humanitarian aid convoy to
This is possible because the Mavi Marmara was registered in the
This request has been made under Article 14 of the Rome
Statute which states:
“A State Party may refer to the
Prosecutor a situation in which one or more crimes within the jurisdiction of
the Court appear to have been committed requesting the Prosecutor to
investigate the situation for the purpose of determining whether one or more
specific persons should be charged with the commission of such crimes.” [2]
On 14 May 2013, lawyers representing the Union of the
The prosecutor has to conduct a preliminary examination in
order to establish whether the ICC’s criteria for opening an investigation are
met. That examination is ongoing at the
time of writing.
David Morrison
18 December 2013
References:
[1] www.gov.uk/government/policies/working-for-peace-and-long-term-stability-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa/supporting-pages/making-progress-on-the-middle-east-peace-process
[2] www.icc-cpi.int/NR/rdonlyres/EA9AEFF7-5752-4F84-BE94-0A655EB30E16/0/Rome_Statute_English.pdf
[3] www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/223702/ICC_Strategy_Final.pdf
[4]
www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmhansrd/cm121128/debtext/121128-0001.htm
[5] www.gov.uk/government/news/foreign-secretary-extremely-concerned-at-proposed-new-housing-settlements-in-the-west-bank-and-east-jerusalem
[6]
www.icc-cpi.int/NR/rdonlyres/74EEE201-0FED-4481-95D4-C8071087102C/279777/20090122PalestinianDeclaration2.pdf
[7] www.icc-cpi.int/NR/rdonlyres/C6162BBF-FEB9-4FAF-AFA9-836106D2694A/284387/SituationinPalestine030412ENG.pdf
[8] unispal.un.org/unispal.nsf/47d4e277b48d9d3685256ddc00612265/181c72112f4d0e0685257ac500515c6c
[9] www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/04/201341561759725150.html
[10] www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/structure%20of%20the%20court/office%20of%20the%20prosecutor/reports%20and%20statements/
statement/Pages/otp-statement-14-05-2013.aspx